Title of the Topic

Task

Type of activity

Due date

The Skeletal System 1

(youtube video)

Watch the video and write a commed about it

Pair work activity

April 5th 2008

The Skeletal system 2

(Human anatomy on line)

Study the skeletal system and learn about the different bones of the human body

Individual activity

April 12^th 2008

The present simple tense

( youtube video)

Study the explanation about the present simple and write personal sentences using this tense

Individual activity

April 19^th 2008

Countable and uncountable nouns

(youtube video)

Watch the video and write a summary of the video

Pair work activity

April 26^th 2008

The movement of joints

( youtubevideo)

Make a summary using the information form the skeletal system 2 and this video

(Pair work)

May 3rd 2008

Cell Phone Safety

( youtube videos)

Watch the two videos and write a summary from them.

Group work (4 people)

May 10^th 2008

California Adult Activities

( website to practice your English)

First Read and listen the text about Aids, then do the activities on the word next

Individual

May 17^th 2008

California Adult Activities

( website to practice your English)

First Read and listen the text about healthy families , then do the activities on the word next

Individual

May 24^st 2008

California Adult Activities

( website to practice your English)

First Read and listen the text about Organ Donation , then do the activities on the word next

Individual

May 31^th 2008

Click on the name of the story you want to read, or pick another topic. Stories with a have a video to watch.

• 911 Calls
• A Disease Caused by Sex
• AIDS
• Air Rage
• Alzheimer’s Disease
• Baby Born at Train Station – Sisters Follow at Hospital
• Body Scan
• Boy Falls From Ride
• Burning Wood Bad for the Air
• California Toxic Spill
• Californians Want to Fight Global Warming
• Cancer Center Announces Expansion
• Cell Phone Safety
• Child Safety Seats
• Company Offers Eye Care to Hurricane Victims
• County Gets Ready for Emergency
• Disabled Parking Signs Abused
• Disc Jockey Threatens Lives
• Drivers Caught Running Red Lights
• Earthquake Could be Worse than Hurricane
• Earthquake Exhibit at Now Open at State Capitol
• Energy Changes in California?
• Fire in Colorado
• Fireplace Users Could Get Fined
• Free Gun Locks
• Girl Dies
• Governor Wants Kids to Eat Healthy
• Growers Announce New Food Safety
• Gun Control
• Health Insurance
• Healthy Baby
• Healthy Families
• Home Fire
• Ice Cream Vendors Cannot Sell Toys
• Keep Kids Safe
• Kid Safety
• Kidnapping Alert
• Lawmakers Pass a Drug Bill
• Lawmakers Want to Ban Cell Phones
• Man Coughs Up Nail
• Many Student Athletes Hurt Playing Football
• Marijuana Proposition
• Memorial Bells
• Miracle Musician
• Mosquito Virus is a Concern
• Mosquitoes Are Coming
• Neighbors Fight
• New Driving Laws for Teens
• New Driving Laws May be Passed
• Nuclear Scientists
• Officers May Be Required to Workout
• Organ Donations
• Park Attack
• Police Find Drugs
• Pollution Fight
• Prevent Choking
• Program Helps Get Word Out About Missing Children
• Relief Group Sends Supplies
• Ruling by the Courts
• School Deal
• School Nurse
• Schools Give Students Tools to Fight Back Against Bullies
• Sea Lion Found on Street
• Skin Cancer
• Smokers Have New Way to Quit
• Smoking Kills
• Smoking May be Banned in Cars
• Spanking
• Stop Carjacking
• Teen Drinking
• Teen Suicide
• The Dangers of Fireworks
• Threatened at School
• Tire Fire
• University Students Not Allowed to Drink Alcohol
• Walking at Night
• Woman Has Meningitis

Watch the following Video and compare it with the information from the above video.

Brain Cancer – Interactive Health Tutorial – Part 1

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Now watch the following video and prepare a similar activity in which you talk about your daily routines.

8 03 2008 This webpage is going to help you learn human anatomy in a funnyway. Here you are going to learn how to name the different parts of the boby:

Human Anatomy on Line

1. Study the Skeletal system in the previous link.

2. Now watch the video in pairs and make a summary from it.

The Skelletal System

The coffee shrub, an evergreen bush which can sometimes grow to a height of 8 or 10 meters, grows wild in the tropics – mostly in Arabia, Asia and Latin America. It is known that coffee plants were being cultivated in Africa in the 15th century, although it wasn’t until the 16th and 17th centuries that it was introduced into Europe. The first London coffee house was established in 1652 and coffee houses flourished in continental Europe later in the 17th century. The drink became popular in North America around 1689, and the USA is now the largest consumer, importing about 1,500,000 tons per year.

 A medium-strength cup of coffee contains about 30 mg of caffeine, as does tea, while a can of cola can contain up to 60mg. Some painkillers also contain caffeine, as it speeds up the action of aspirin and counteracts drowsiness. Caffeine is a recognized stimulant that acts on the nervous system, influencing our behavior and mood.

Cognates are words which are similar in English and Spanish and usually you don’t need a dictionary to understand them. Some examples of cognates are the following words:

international, patient, interesting, Colombian, France…..

Numbers are also cognates: 1999, 30%, ,34563356, March 20, 2005

 Read the following articel and underline all the words which are cognate, then read the title of the article and make up ideas about the content of the article.

Minor Surgery Procedures in Primary Care

IntroductionThere is evidence from around the world and in the UK that minor surgery procedures carried out by general practitioners are popular with patients and highly cost-effective.^1,2 Since 1990 general practitioners on Health Authority minor surgery lists have been eligible to undertake a range of procedures and receive payments for doing so. Since 2003 a directed enhanced service (DES) can be commissioned by every Primary Care Organisation with the aim of expanding the range and extent of minor surgery in primary care.

The scope of minor surgeryCryotherapy along with curettage and cauterisation are procedures commonly undertaken at a primary care level but not part of the DES.¹ Procedures that are covered in the DES include the following:

• Injections into muscles tendons and joints
• Invasive procedures:
  • Incisions
  • Excisions
• Injections of varicose veins and piles
• Other procedures which the practice is deemed competent to carry out

Eligibility to offer a DES for minor surgery¹Eligibility requires:

• Partner, employee or subcontractor with the necessary skills to carry out contracted procedures as well as:
  • Competence in resuscitation
  • Regular update of skills
  • Ability to demonstrate a continuing and sustained level of activity
  • Conducting regular audits
  • Participation in appraisal of minor surgery activity
  • Participation in supportive educational activities
• Satisfactory facilities:
  • Appropriate equipment for procedures undertaken
  • Appropriate equipment for resuscitation
  • Appropriate premises³
• Nursing support:
  • Appropriately trained and competent
  • Professionally accountable to their professional body
• Sterilisation and infection control compliance (see below)⁴
• Appropriate clinical waste disposal
• Consent:
  • After information on treatment options and treatment details
  • Should be in written form and filed in patient record
• Pathology services:
  • All specimens to be sent for histology unless exceptional reasons not to do so
• Audit:
  • Full accessible records
  • Regular audit- for example clinical outcomes, infection rates, incomplete excision rate
  • Regular peer review
• Patient information:
  • Proper written record
  • Inform own GP in writing if not registered with the practice

Guidelines for basic procedures

Making an incision

The example here uses the excision of a small skin lesion to show the basic techniques required to minimise the scar and the chance of complications. It uses a spindle-shaped incision either following the direction of skin creases or designed to minimise skin tension in joint areas.⁵ The following steps are involved:

• Draw the incision line, allowing at least 2mm margin from the lesion. The length of the incision should be at least 3 times its width to help with producing a neat closure.
• Clean and sterilise the skin then anaesthetise the area and wait for it to take effect
• Stretch the skin at 90° to the incision with two fingers of your left hand and, holding the scalpel vertical to the skin, cut outside the line. On hairy skin cut at the angle the hairs exit the skin.
• You should try to cut down to the subcutaneous fat in one stroke but avoiding reaching the deep fascia. Remember that skin varies in thickness over the body. Try not to ‘fish-tail’ at the ends of the wound.
• Take special care in those areas where important structures lie close to the surface, e.g.:
  • Side of the face near the ears
  • Neck
  • Axillae or Popliteal fossa
  • Wrist or palmar aspect of fingers
  • Femoral or inguinal triangle
  • Shins

Performing skin biopsy

• Area of skin needs to be removed with minimum damage for optimum examination results:
  • By using either a skin hook or a silk suture at a corner of the specimen instead of forceps
  • By gently dissecting skin away from subcutaneous fat using blunt-tipped scissors using “separate and snip”
• The specimen is then placed in 10% formalin in saline and sent to the laboratory²

Suturing

• For small wounds not under tension, the edges can held together with adhesive closure strips or enbucrilate glue.
• Skin suturing is usually performed with monofilament nylon or polypropylene and a curved or half-circle cutting needle.
• Subcutaneous suturing is no longer performed with absorbable chromic catgut and synthetic absorbable materials are now used.
• A reverse cutting needle is used when the sutures are unavoidably near to the edge of the wound or the wound is under tension.
• All knots should be reef knots with an additional third throw and 5mm tails left for easy removal.
• Superficial wounds should be closed with the finest suture material available using entry and exit points that equally spaced both either side of the wound and along its length.
• With deeper wounds, subcutaneous tissue needs to be closed first using either interrupted deep sutures or vertical mattress sutures, cut to the knot.

Intra-operative complications

Fainting

Incidence can be reduced by having patient lie down during the procedure. If syncope does occur, put the patient in a head-down position. May need to insert an airway if breathing is at all compromised. Patient should soon recover so that the procedure can be quickly finished. If bradycardia does not resolve consider giving atropine.

Bleeding

Significant haemorrhage is not normally a difficulty in minor surgery but if it does occur the normal haemostatic measures are usually effective, e.g. apply firm pressure with a dressing for 2 minutes and raise the affected areas above the heart. If this fails, introduce a little of the adrenaline-containing anaesthetic or an haemostatic agent (aluminium chloride or ferric sulphate) into the wound. Physical methods include squeezing bleeding points with fine forceps and ligaturing small blood vessels with absorbable sutures.

Resuscitation

This should be conducted when required according to the appropriate guidelines.⁶ Regular training in resuscitation is necessary for medical and nursing staff involved in minor surgery.¹

Dressing the wound

Small wounds generally just need a plaster and more extensive areas should be covered with an absorbent, non-adherent dressing held in place with a Micropore tape or a bandage depending on the site. Opsite spray is a convenient alternative in difficult areas.

Aftercare

Patients should be told to rest the affected area and raise any leg involved. Arms can be placed in a sling and fingers or toes immobilised by strapping together with the adjacent digit. Sutures are removed at between 5 and 12 days depending on the site, with the hands and feet requiring the longest interval. This gives an opportunity to also inspect the wound for any problems, such as infection or failure to heal.

Sterilisation and infection controlSee separate article Infection Control and Instrument Sterility for Minor Surgery.^7,8 From 31 March 2007 the Department of Health requires that all instruments used must comply with the Medical Devices Directive. This directive is backed by the Health Act (2006) with the associated Code of Practice for the Prevention and Control of Healthcare Associated Infection. Enforcement of this code will be by the Healthcare Commission who will have the power to make improvement recommendations and serve improvement notices.⁴ It is envisaged in the light of these changes that many practices, particularly small practices, will opt to comply by using disposable instruments.

Key Point

Good reading means building frameworks for connecting words to thoughts.

The Purpose of Reading.

The purpose of reading is to connect the ideas on the page to what you already know. If you don’t know anything about a subject, then pouring words of text into your mind is like pouring water into your hand. You don’t retain much. For example, try reading these numbers:

7516324 This is hard to read and remember.
751-6324 This is easier because of chunking.
123-4567 This is easy to read because of prior knowledge and structure.

Similarly, if you like sports, then reading the sports page is easy. You have a framework in your mind for reading, understanding and storing information.

Improving Comprehension.

Reading comprehension requires motivation, mental frameworks for holding ideas, concentration and good study techniques. Here are some suggestions.

Develop a broad background.
Broaden your background knowledge by reading newspapers, magazines and books. Become interested in world events.

Know the structure of paragraphs.
Good writers construct paragraphs that have a beginning, middle and end. Often, the first sentence will give an overview that helps provide a framework for adding details. Also, look for transitional words, phrases or paragraphs that change the topic.

Identify the type of reasoning.
Does the author use cause and effect reasoning, hypothesis, model building, induction or deduction, systems thinking? See section 20 for more examples on critical thinking skills.

Anticipate and predict.
Really smart readers try to anticipate the author and predict future ideas and questions. If you’re right, this reinforces your understanding. If you’re wrong, you make adjustments quicker.

Look for the method of organization.
Is the material organized chronologically, serially, logically, functionally, spatially or hierarchical? See section 10 for more examples on organization.

Create motivation and interest.
Preview material, ask questions, discuss ideas with classmates. The stronger your interest, the greater your comprehension.

Pay attention to supporting cues.
Study pictures, graphs and headings. Read the first and last paragraph in a chapter, or the first sentence in each section.

Highlight, summarize and review.
Just reading a book once is not enough. To develop a deeper understanding, you have to highlight, summarize and review important ideas.

Build a good vocabulary.
For most educated people, this is a lifetime project. The best way to improve your vocabulary is to use a dictionary regularly. You might carry around a pocket dictionary and use it to look up new words. Or, you can keep a list of words to look up at the end of the day. Concentrate on roots, prefixes and endings.

Use a systematic reading technique like SQR3.
Develop a systematic reading style, like the SQR3 method and make adjustments to it, depending on priorities and purpose. The SQR3 steps include Survey, Question, Read, Recite and Review. See Section 14 for more details.

Monitor effectiveness.
Good readers monitor their attention, concentration and effectiveness. They quickly recognize if they’ve missed an idea and backup to reread it.

Should You Vocalize Words?

Yes, although it is faster to form words in your mind rather than on your lips or throat. Eye motion is also important. Frequent backtracking slows you down considerably.